- Which of the following is an example of measuring amplitude?
- a. Voltage
- b. Power
- c. Height
- d. Work
- What term describes the power concentration per unit area?
- a. Watts
- b. Amplitude
- c. Transducer
- d. Intensity
- What kind of wave is sound classified as?
- a. Non-Mechanical wave
- b. Electromagnetic wave
- c. Longitudinal wave
- d. Transverse wave
- Which of the following is a characteristic of sound?
- a. Sound is an electromagnetic wave
- b. Sound travels in a zigzag pattern
- c. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum
- d. Sound carries light energy
- What happens during the compression phase of sound waves?
- a. Particles are pushed together
- b. Particles are stationary
- c. Particles are at their lowest density
- d. Particles are pulled apart
- Where do particles experience the least pressure in sound waves?
- a. At the compression point
- b. At their resting position
- c. Particles in sound waves do not experience pressure
- d. At the rarefaction point
- Which acoustic variable is measured in kilograms per cubic centimeter?
- a. Pressure
- b. Force
- c. Density
- d. Particle Motion
- What is the unit for measuring particle motion?
- a. Pascals
- b. Area
- c. kg/cm³
- d. cm, mm, ft, miles
- What is the term for two waves that are in-phase and combine?
- a. Interference
- b. Constructive Interference
- c. Wave Interaction
- d. Destructive Interference
- What occurs when two waves that are 360 degrees in phase interact?
- a. Wave reinforcement
- b. Complete cancellation
- c. Increase in wave amplitude
- d. Constructive Interference
- Which statement about harmonics is accurate?
- a. Harmonics decrease with distance
- b. Harmonics enhance sound quality
- c. Harmonics are multiples of the fundamental frequency
- d. Harmonics only occur in solids
- How is pulse duration best defined?
- a. The length of space a pulse occupies
- b. The number of pulses per second
- c. The time between pulses
- d. The time it takes for one pulse to occur
- Which statement about duty factor is correct?
- a. The number of pulses per second
- b. The time between pulses
- c. Increases with decreasing pulse duration
- d. The fraction of time pulsed ultrasound is on
- How is pulse-repetition frequency best defined?
- a. The time between pulses
- b. The duration of each pulse
- c. The number of pulses per second
- d. Increases with longer pulse duration
- How is pulse-repetition period best defined?
- a. The time from the start of one pulse to the start of the next
- b. The number of pulses per second
- c. The duration of each pulse
- d. Decreases as pulse duration increases
- Which statement about spatial pulse length is correct?
- a. The length of space a pulse occupies
- b. Decreases with increasing wavelength
- c. Not related to wavelength
- d. The time required for a pulse
- Which of the following increases intensity?
- a. Increased beam power and decreased beam area
- b. Increased beam area
- c. Increased wavelength
- d. Decreased beam power
- How is bandwidth best defined?
- a. Decreases with shorter pulses
- b. Unrelated to pulse duration
- c. The frequency of a pulse
- d. The range of frequencies in a pulse
- Which statement about attenuation is correct?
- a. Not affected by frequency
- b. Increases as frequency decreases
- c. Increases as frequency increases
- d. Only occurs in solids
- Which frequency has the shallowest penetration in soft tissue?
- a. 2 MHz
- b. 10 MHz
- c. 15 MHz
- d. 5 MHz
- Which statement about propagation speed in a medium is true?
- a. Depends on the bulk modulus-density ratio
- b. Depends only on stiffness
- c. Independent of material properties
- d. Depends only on density
- How is nonlinear propagation best described?
- a. Constant propagation speed
- b. No matching description
- c. Linear propagation
- d. Speed depends on pressure, changing wave shape
- What term describes the weakening of sound as it travels?
- a. Scattering
- b. Reflection
- c. Attenuation
- d. Absorption
- Which statement about the relationship between density and propagation speed is correct?
- a. Both decrease propagation speed
- b. Increased bulk modulus increases speed; increased density decreases speed
- c. Density has no effect on speed
- d. Both increase propagation speed
- How is impedance measured?
- a. Ohms
- b. Newtons
- c. Watts
- d. Rayls
- Which factor does not contribute to ultrasound attenuation?
- a. Diffraction
- b. Reflection
- c. Refraction
- d. Absorption
- What is the average speed of sound in soft tissue?
- a. 1.54 mm/μs
- b. 0.77 mm/μs
- c. 1.54 cm/μs
- d. 1.54 m/s
- What determines the change in direction of an ultrasound beam between two media?
- a. Scattering
- b. Reflection
- c. Refraction
- d. Impedance
- What principle relates the incidence and transmission angles of an ultrasound beam?
- a. Snell’s law
- b. Impedance matching
- c. The range equation
- d. Critical angle law
- What type of transducer has miniature elements with two electrically conducting layers, one fixed and one flexible?
- a. Convex arrays
- b. CMUTs
- c. Linear arrays
- d. PZT elements
- What type of array has a straight line of rectangular elements operated by voltage pulses in succession?
- a. Convex array
- b. Vector array
- c. Linear sequenced array
- d. Phased array
- What determines the natural frequency of a transducer element?
- a. Propagation speed of the element material
- b. Thickness of the transducer element
- c. Focal length
- d. Aperture size
- What type of array scans the beam in sector format with short time delays?
- a. Vector array
- b. Convex array
- c. Linear array
- d. Phased array
- What term refers to the piezoelectric material that converts electricity to ultrasound in a transducer?
- a. Coupling medium
- b. Matching layer
- c. Transducer element
- d. Damping material
- What determines the width of a transducer’s image?
- a. Focal length
- b. Operating frequency
- c. Length of the linear array
- d. Aperture size
- Why is a matching layer placed on the transducer face?
- a. To dampen the ultrasound pulse
- b. To focus the ultrasound beam
- c. To reduce reflection and improve sound transmission
- d. To couple the transducer to the patient
- What reduces the number of cycles in each ultrasound pulse?
- a. Damping material
- b. Lens
- c. Coupling medium
- d. Matching layer
- What type of array produces a sector-type image with a curved line of elements?
- a. Linear array
- b. Vector array
- c. Convex array
- d. Phased array
- What provides electronic control of the ultrasound beam focus?
- a. Matching layer
- b. Phasing
- c. Element curvature
- d. Damping material
- What term describes the ability of an array to focus at a particular depth?
- a. Spatial focusing
- b. Static focusing
- c. Multizone focusing
- d. Dynamic focusing
- What term describes increasing the aperture during echo reception to maintain focal width?
- a. Variable aperture
- b. Dynamic aperture
- c. Fixed aperture
- d. Static aperture
- What is the minimum reflector separation along the sound travel direction to produce separate echoes?
- a. Transverse resolution
- b. Axial resolution
- c. Lateral resolution
- d. Elevational
- What is the formula for calculating axial resolution in millimeters?
- a. Axial Resolution (mm) = Spatial Pulse Length (mm)
- b. Axial Resolution (mm) = Spatial Pulse Length (mm) / 2
- c. Axial Resolution (mm) = Spatial Pulse Length (mm) + 2
- d. Axial Resolution (mm) = 2 x Spatial Pulse Length (mm)
- What is the term for the minimum reflector separation perpendicular to the beam direction that can produce two separate echoes?
- a. Transverse resolution
- b. Axial resolution
- c. Lateral resolution
- d. Elevational resolution
- What is the formula for calculating lateral resolution in millimeters?
- a. Lateral Resolution (mm) = Beam Width (mm)
- b. Lateral Resolution (mm) = Beam Width (mm) + 2
- c. Lateral Resolution (mm) = Beam Width (mm) / 2
- d. Lateral Resolution (mm) = 2 x Beam Width (mm)
- What aspect of detail resolution brings structures into the image that should be outside?
- a. Elevational resolution
- b. Lateral resolution
- c. Axial resolution
- d. Transverse resolution
- What is the trade-off between resolution and penetration in sonographic imaging?
- a. Changing amplitude
- b. Changing attenuation
- c. Changing frequency
- d. Changing focal length
- What is the useful frequency range for most diagnostic applications?
- a. 1 – 10 MHz
- b. 2 – 20 MHz
- c. 20 – 200 MHz
- d. 5 – 50 MHz
- At higher frequencies, there is a reduction in penetration and an improvement in:
- a. Temporal resolution
- b. Contrast resolution
- c. Spatial resolution
- d. Detail resolution
- Where does the information for the image processor come from?
- a. Transducer
- b. Receiver
- c. Scan converter
- d. Display
- When the machine is still acquiring data, this is _?
- a. Pre-processing
- b. Post-processing
- c. Real-time processing
- d. Data storage
- When the machine saves its data, this is _?
- a. Pre-processing
- b. Post-processing
- c. Real-time processing
- d. Data storage
- When a tool is used on a live image, it is a _ function.
- a. Pre-processing
- b. Post-processing
- c. Real-time processing
- d. Data storage
- When a tool is used on a frozen image, it is a _ function.
- a. Pre-processing
- b. Post-processing
- c. Real-time processing
- d. Data storage
- What is another name for magnification?
- a. Zoom
- b. Enlargement
- c. Expansion
- d. Amplification
- What are the two types of magnification?
- a. Write and Read
- b. Pre and Post
- c. Real-time and Stored
- d. Linear and Non-linear
- What are the steps for write magnification?
- a. Select region, acquire new data, display
- b. Select region, display, acquire new data
- c. Display, select region, acquire new data
- d. Acquire new data, select region, display
- How many scan lines does the machine use to create an image during write magnification?
- a. More than original
- b. Less than original
- c. Same as original
- d. Variable
- What resolutions does write magnification improve?
- a. Spatial and Temporal
- b. Contrast and Spatial
- c. Temporal and Contrast
- d. Spatial and Detail
- Write magnification is a ____ processing function.
- a. Pre
- b. Post
- c. Real-time
- d. Data storage
- What happens to the pixels in read magnification?
- a. They are interpolated
- b. They are averaged
- c. They are duplicated
- d. They are discarded
- What are the steps to read magnification?
- a. Select region, display
- b. Display, select region
- c. Acquire new data, select region, display
- d. Select region, acquire new data, display
- Read zoom is a ____ processing function.
- a. Pre
- b. Post
- c. Real-time
- d. Data storage
- What is fill-in interpolation?
- a. A method to fill in missing data
- b. A method to enhance edges
- c. A method to reduce noise
- d. A method to increase contrast
- What is another name for fill-in interpolation?
- a. Spatial compounding
- b. Edge enhancement
- c. Pixel averaging
- d. Data interpolation
- Fill-in interpolation is a ____ processing function.
- a. Pre
- b. Post
- c. Real-time
- d. Data storage
- What is B-color?
- a. Color mapping of grayscale images
- b. Color Doppler imaging
- c. B-mode imaging with color
- d. 3D color imaging
- Why would B-color be helpful?
- a. Enhances contrast resolution
- b. Increases spatial resolution
- c. Reduces noise
- d. Improves temporal resolution
- What resolution does B-color improve?
- a. Contrast
- b. Spatial
- c. Temporal
- d. Detail
- What is panoramic imaging?
- a. Imaging over a wide area
- b. Imaging with high resolution
- c. Imaging with color
- d. Imaging with 3D effect
- What is spatial compounding?
- a. Combining images from different angles
- b. Enhancing image edges
- c. Reducing image noise
- d. Increasing image contrast
- Spatial compounding is a ____ processing function.
- a. Pre
- b. Post
- c. Real-time
- d. Data storage
- What resolutions does spatial compounding improve?
- a. Spatial and Contrast
- b. Temporal and Spatial
- c. Contrast and Temporal
- d. Spatial and Detail
- What resolutions does spatial compounding reduce?
- a. Temporal
- b. Spatial
- c. Contrast
- d. Detail
- What is temporal compounding?
- a. Averaging frames over time
- b. Combining images from different angles
- c. Enhancing image edges
- d. Reducing image noise
- What other names does temporal compounding go by?
- a. Frame averaging
- b. Spatial averaging
- c. Temporal smoothing
- d. Time compounding
- What resolutions does temporal compounding improve?
- a. Temporal and Spatial
- b. Spatial and Contrast
- c. Temporal and Contrast
- d. Spatial and Detail
- What resolutions does temporal compounding reduce?
- a. Temporal
- b. Spatial
- c. Contrast
- d. Detail
- What is frequency compounding?
- a. Combining images at different frequencies
- b. Averaging frames over time
- c. Enhancing image edges
- d. Reducing image noise
- What other names does frequency compounding go by?
- a. Frequency averaging
- b. Spatial averaging
- c. Temporal averaging
- d. Frequency smoothing
- What resolutions does frequency compounding improve?
- a. Spatial and Contrast
- b. Temporal and Spatial
- c. Contrast and Temporal
- d. Spatial and Detail
- Does frequency compounding affect temporal resolution?
- a. No
- b. Yes, it improves it
- c. Yes, it reduces it
- d. Yes, it has a variable effect
- What is frequency tuning?
- a. Adjusting the frequency for optimal imaging
- b. Combining images at different frequencies
- c. Averaging frames over time
- d. Enhancing image edges
- Where does frequency tuning take place?
- a. In the transducer
- b. In the receiver
- c. In the scan converter
- d. In the display
- What is coded excitation?
- a. A technique to improve image quality
- b. A method to enhance edges
- c. A way to reduce noise
- d. A technique to increase contrast
- Where does coded excitation occur?
- a. In the transducer
- b. In the receiver
- c. In the scan converter
- d. In the display
- What are the five benefits of coded excitation?
- a. Improved penetration, better resolution, reduced noise, enhanced contrast, increased sensitivity
- b. Enhanced edges, reduced artifacts, increased speed, better color, improved depth
- c. Reduced noise, better color, increased speed, enhanced edges, improved depth
- d. Increased sensitivity, better color, reduced artifacts, enhanced contrast, improved depth
- What is edge enhancement?
- a. A technique to improve image edges
- b. A method to reduce noise
- c. A way to increase contrast
- d. A technique to improve penetration
- What resolutions does edge enhancement improve?
- a. Spatial and Contrast
- b. Temporal and Spatial
- c. Contrast and Temporal
- d. Spatial and Detail
- What is elastography?
- a. Imaging technique to assess tissue stiffness
- b. Method to enhance image edges
- c. Technique to reduce noise
- d. Way to increase contrast
- What does elastography test for?
- a. Tissue stiffness
- b. Blood flow
- c. Bone density
- d. Muscle strength
- What are the two types of elastography and how do they work?
- a. Strain and Shear Wave; Strain measures deformation, Shear Wave measures speed of shear waves
- b. Compression and Tension; Compression measures pressure, Tension measures stretch
- c. Static and Dynamic; Static measures still images, Dynamic measures moving images
- d. Linear and Non-linear; Linear measures straight lines, Non-linear measures curves
- What is cardiac strain imaging?
- a. Technique to measure heart wall motion
- b. Method to enhance image edges
- c. Technique to reduce noise
- d. Way to increase contrast
- What value shows how effectively the heart walls contract?
- a. Strain rate
- b. Blood pressure
- c. Heart rate
- d. Ejection fraction
- What are the two methods for performing cardiac strain imaging?
- a. Speckle tracking and Tissue Doppler
- b. Color Doppler and Power Doppler
- c. B-mode and M-mode
- d. 2D and 3D imaging
- 3D rendering is a ____ processing function.
- a. Pre
- b. Post
- c. Real-time
- d. Data storage
- What is 3D rendering?
- a. Creating a three-dimensional image from data
- b. Enhancing image edges
- c. Reducing noise
- d. Increasing contrast
- What are some external sources of artifacts?
- a. Electrical interference, patient movement, equipment malfunction
- b. Poor image quality, low resolution, high contrast
- c. High frequency, low penetration, poor depth
- d. Low sensitivity, high noise, poor color
- Harmonic imaging is often asked about in exams. What is it?
- a. Imaging technique using multiples of the fundamental frequency
- b. Method to enhance image edges
- c. Technique to reduce noise
- d. Way to increase contrast
- How do you calculate attenuation?
- a. Attenuation (dB) = Attenuation coefficient (dB/cm) x Path length (cm)
- b. Attenuation (dB) = Frequency (MHz) x Path length (cm)
- c. Attenuation (dB) = Power
x Path length (cm) - d. Attenuation (dB) = Intensity (W/cm²) x Path length (cm)
- What is the relationship between PRP and PRF?
- a. PRP = 1 / PRF
- b. PRP = PRF x 2
- c. PRP = PRF / 2
- d. PRP = PRF + 1
- What is the formula for Doppler shift?
- a. Doppler shift (Hz) = 2 x Velocity (m/s) x Transmit frequency (Hz) / Speed of sound (m/s)
- b. Doppler shift (Hz) = Velocity (m/s) x Transmit frequency (Hz) / Speed of sound (m/s)
- c. Doppler shift (Hz) = 2 x Transmit frequency (Hz) / Speed of sound (m/s)
- d. Doppler shift (Hz) = Velocity (m/s) x Speed of sound (m/s) / Transmit frequency (Hz)
- What is the Bernoulli effect in ultrasound?
- a. Pressure drop in a stenotic area
- b. Increase in wave amplitude
- c. Reduction in noise
- d. Enhancement of image edges
- How do you fix spectral Doppler aliasing?
- a. Shift the baseline
- b. Increase the frequency
- c. Decrease the gain
- d. Enhance the edges
- What is the effect of increasing sample volume length in spectral Doppler?
- a. Spectral broadening
- b. Increased noise
- c. Reduced resolution
- d. Enhanced contrast
Answers
- c. Height
- d. Intensity
- c. Longitudinal wave
- c. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum
- a. Particles are pushed together
- d. At the rarefaction point
- c. Density
- d. cm, mm, ft, miles
- b. Constructive Interference
- d. Constructive Interference
- c. Harmonics are multiples of the fundamental frequency
- d. The time it takes for one pulse to occur
- d. The fraction of time pulsed ultrasound is on
- c. The number of pulses per second
- a. The time from the start of one pulse to the start of the next
- a. The length of space a pulse occupies
- a. Increased beam power and decreased beam area
- d. The range of frequencies in a pulse
- c. Increases as frequency increases
- c. 15 MHz
- a. Depends on the bulk modulus-density ratio
- d. Speed depends on pressure, changing wave shape
- c. Attenuation
- b. Increased bulk modulus increases speed; increased density decreases speed
- d. Rayls
- a. Diffraction
- a. 1.54 mm/μs
- c. Refraction
- a. Snell’s law
- b. CMUTs
- c. Linear sequenced array
- b. Thickness of the transducer element
- d. Phased array
- c. Transducer element
- d. Aperture size
- c. To reduce reflection and improve sound transmission
- a. Damping material
- c. Convex array
- b. Phasing
- d. Dynamic focusing
- b. Dynamic aperture
- b. Axial resolution
- b. Axial Resolution (mm) = Spatial Pulse Length (mm) / 2
- c. Lateral resolution
- a. Lateral Resolution (mm) = Beam Width (mm)
- a. Elevational resolution
- c. Changing frequency
- b. 2 – 20 MHz
- c. Spatial resolution
- c. Scan converter
- a. Pre-processing
- d. Data storage
- a. Pre-processing
- b. Post-processing
- a. Zoom
- a. Write and Read
- a. Select region, acquire new data, display
- a. More than original
- a. Spatial and Temporal
- a. Pre
- a. They are interpolated
- a. Select region, display
- b. Post
- a. A method to fill in missing data
- d. Data interpolation
- b. Post
- a. Color mapping of grayscale images
- a. Enhances contrast resolution
- a. Contrast
- a. Imaging over a wide area
- a. Combining images from different angles
- c. Real-time
- a. Spatial and Contrast
- a. Temporal
- a. Averaging frames over time
- a. Frame averaging
- c. Temporal and Contrast
- a. Temporal
- a. Combining images at different frequencies
- d. Frequency smoothing
- a. Spatial and Contrast
- a. No
- a. Adjusting the frequency for optimal imaging
- b. In the receiver
- a. A technique to improve image quality
- b. In the receiver
- a. Improved penetration, better resolution, reduced noise, enhanced contrast, increased sensitivity
- a. A technique to improve image edges
- d. Spatial and Detail
- a. Imaging technique to assess tissue stiffness
- a. Tissue stiffness
- a. Strain and Shear Wave; Strain measures deformation, Shear Wave measures speed of shear waves
- a. Technique to measure heart wall motion
- a. Strain rate
- a. Speckle tracking and Tissue Doppler
- b. Post
- a. Creating a three-dimensional image from data
- a. Electrical interference, patient movement, equipment malfunction
- a. Imaging technique using multiples of the fundamental frequency
- a. Attenuation (dB) = Attenuation coefficient (dB/cm) x Path length (cm)
- a. PRP = 1 / PRF
- a. Doppler shift (Hz) = 2 x Velocity (m/s) x Transmit frequency (Hz) / Speed of sound (m/s)
- a. Pressure drop in a stenotic area
- a. Shift the baseline
- a. Spectral broadening
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